CS Spray Research E-mail Eco.Climber@iname.com http://www.indirect.com/www/dhardy/CS.html That children are more sensitive than adults to respiratory conditions is no secret to any parent. Their smaller breathing passages are more easily obstructed, so that a pneumonia which leave an adult walking can kill a child. Further, children are prone to an ocular-cardiac reflex of unknown origin, by which severe eye pain can cause heart failure. It would stand to reason that exposure to CS poses special dangers to children, especially where the exposure is prolonged. http://www.kreative.net/carolmoore/TDM-11.html CS gas and methylene chloride, the solvent with which the FBI claims it was mixed, both are flammable and will sustain and accelerate a fire. CS, which stands for 0-chlorobenzalmalononitrile, is actually a white solid powder usually mixed with a dispersal agent, like methylene chloride, which carries the particles through the air. NOTE that it has a pepper odour. ( but it not pepper spray! ) Methylene chloride which is one of the dispersal agents for CS causes headaches, disorientation, dizziness, fatigue, and decreased attention span; skin effects such as chapping, erythema, cracked skin, or skin burns; and cardiac effects such as chest pain or shortness of breath. NOTE, normal gas masks are not approved for use if you have a beard, or similar facial hair that interferes with the seal of the mask. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng1065.html CS causes nausea & vomiting. Do not eat, drink, or smoke! If you have ingested it, rinse mouth, induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!), give plenty of water to drink and refer for medical attention. www.arco.co.uk sales@arco.co.uk 01482 222 522 Wear swimming goggles with all of these masks. The following are recommended: ARCO code Sundst(m TPE - 2 mask Medium 01689 œ11.95 + vat Large 01688 œ11.95 + vat CEN P3 aerosol droplets + high-efficiency particulate filter 01656 œ4.21 + vat CEN ABE1 ( Organic + Inorganic + acid gas ) 01671 œ6.85 + vat The extended duration ABE2 ( same as A2,B2,E2 ) is better, but I don't know a supplier. Total œ26.27 including. Buying a pack of pre-filters ( 50 ), code: 01658, œ9.25 including vat, considerably improves the life of the filters & is strongly recommended, especially if you are buying several masks. The mask above is a most comfortable & cheapest version, with a front mounted filter. The filters are suitable for aerosol droplets ( CS ) & Organic Vapours ( methylene chloride ). However, because the boiling point of methylene chloride is low ( 40(C ) desorption is a big problem, ( when the chemical vapourises off the filter into the mask ) so you should only wear the mask when needed & you should use pre-filters & change them at least once a day. Nominal Protection Factor 50, Approved Protection Factor 10. North N5500 small / medium / large 01399 œ10.30 + vat CEN A1,B1,E1,P3 combination filter 01428 œ14.30 + vat ( pack of 2 ) The extended duration ABE2 ( same as A2B2E2 ) is better, but I don't know a supplier. Total price œ28.91 inc. vat 10 Pre-filters N7500 6AU, code: 01410 œ7.05 including vat, are well pricey, especially as you need to use 2 each time, also you have to pay œ0.48 for the Fit checking filter cover N7500 27U code: 01429 This is a half face mask respirator, with 2 side mounted filters. Approved to EN140 and made from hypo-allergenic, elastomer. The filters do the same job as the Sundst”m & have the same protection factor. 3m 6000 series small code: 6100 / medium 6200 / large 6300 œ9.55 + vat CEN ABE1 01123 œ6.68 + vat ( pack of 2 ) The extended duration ABE2 ( same as A2,B2,E2 ) is better, but I don't know a supplier. CEN P3 01134 œ5.96 + vat (pack of 2 ) 502 filter adaptor ( pack of 2 ) œ2.30 Total price œ28.77 including vat I can not find any reference to pre-filters unfortunately. This is a half face mask respirator, with 2 side mounted filters. Approved to EN143 + EN141 The filters do the same job as the Sundst”m & have the same protection factor. 3M, North & Sundst”m masks are available from retailers around the world. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0122.html Very useful data on APF (Assigned Protection Factor) CS Up to 2 mg / m3 : ( 1ppm = 7.71mg / m3 ) (APF= 25) Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous-flow mode / (APF = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted canister providing protection against the compound of concern and having a high-efficiency particulate filter / (APF = 50) Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece / (APF = 50) Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece. http://ull.chemistry.uakron.edu/erd/chemicals/1801-1900/1867.html o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile Synonyms ((2-chlorophenyl)methylene) propanedinitrile o-Chlorobenzalmalononitrile Formula: C10H5ClN2 Formula Weight: 188.62 Physical Data Melting point oC : 95 Boiling point oC : 312 Solubility in water at 20oC: insoluble Registry numbers and hazard ratings. Chemical Abstracts: 2698-41-1 RTECS: OO3675000 DOT UN 2810 Guide 153 Hazard Class: 6.1 Description: White solid with a pepper odor. http://ull.chemistry.uakron.edu/erd/chemicals/901-1000/0945.html Dichloromethane Synonyms: methylene dichloride, methylene chloride Formula: CH2Cl2 Formula Weight: 85 Physical Data Vapor pressure at 20oC (mm Hg): 350, Vapor density: 2.93, Melting point oC : -95 Boiling point oC : 40, Lower explosive limit: 12 %, Upper explosive limit: 19 % Solubility in water at 20oC: 10-50 mg/ml Density: 1.326 Registry numbers and hazard ratings. Chemical Abstracts: 75-09-2, RTECS: PA8050000 OSHA permissible exposure limit: 500 ppm NFPA Ratings: Health: 2, Flammability: 1, Reactivity: 0 DOT UN 1593, Guide 160, Hazard Class: 6.1 Description: Colorless liquid with a chloroform-like odor Incompatabilities: Strong oxidizers and caustics, chemically active metals, such as aluminum or magnesium powders, sodium or potassium http://www.gas-masks.com/buying.html - has good info & list of harassing agents - a.k.a. riot control agents. Tear gas, pepper spray, CN, CNS, CNB, BBC, CS, CR, etc. http://noweb.med.navy.mil/chemical/manual/part2/chapter7.htm Riot Control Agents (Irritant Agents and Vomiting Agents) Departments of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force, and Commandant, Marine Corps Examples of irritant agents are O-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS), chloroacetophenone (CN), chloroacetophenone in chloroform (CNC), bromobenzylcyanide (CA), and dibenz-(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine (CR). They are used primarily in training and in riot control. Under certain conditions and with Presidential approval, they may also be used in combat. Some pulmonary irritants, such as CK and PS, are also lacrimators. (b) The following solution can be applied as a wash or spray to cleanse unbroken skin of CS handlers. (If this is painful in the eyes or in wounds, normal saline should be used instead.) To make the solution, add 100 gm of sodium bicarbonate, 50 gm of sodium carbonate, and 15 ml of 10 percent benzalkonium chloride solution to 1,500 ml of distilled water. The solution is stable and should be prepared in advance of need. 7-6. Self-Aid Put on the protective mask, clear it, and keep your eyes open as much as possible. Move out of the contaminated environment, if possible. When your vision clears, go on with your duties. When it is safe to do so, remove the mask and blot away the tears. DO NOT rub the eyes. If drops or particles have entered the eye, try to forcibly open it and flush it with copious amounts of water. Chest discomfort usually can be relieved merely by talking. If exposure has been heavy, significant cutaneous reaction may develop. The cutaneous reaction can be prevented by immediately flushing the skin with copious amounts of water. Respirator selection - http://www.3m.com/market/safety/ohes2/html/regupdate20.html The appropriate atmosphere-supplying respirators, as specified in Table 2, shall be selected from those approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). When employers elect to provide gas masks with organic vapor canisters for use in emergency escape, the organic vapor canisters shall bear the approval of NIOSH. Table 2.--Minimum Requirements for Respiratory Protection for Airborne Methylene Chloride Methylene chloride airborne concentration (ppm) or condition of use Minimum respirator required 3M Suggested Respirator Up to 625 ppm (25 X PEL) (1) Continuous flow supplied-air respirator, hood or helmet. (1) Whitecap II Series, Snapcap Series, Hardcap and Airhat continuous flow airline respirators. Up to 1250 ppm (50 X 8 hr-TWA PEL) (1) Full facepiece supplied-air respirator operated in negative pressure (demand) mode. (2) Full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) operated in negative pressure (demand) mode. (1) None available from 3M. (2) None available from 3M. Up to 5000 ppm (200 X 8 hr -TWA PEL) (1) Continuous flow supplied-air respirator, full facepiece. (2) Pressure demand supplied-air respirator, full facepiece. (3) Positive pressure full facepiece SCBA. (1) 6000 or 7800 Series Full Facepiece continuous flow airline respirators. (2) 7800 Full Facepiece pressure demand airline respirator. (3) None available from 3M. Unknown concentration, or above 5000 ppm (Greater than 200 X 8 hr-TWA PEL). (1) Positive pressure full facepiece SCBA. (2) Full facepiece pressure demand supplied-air respirator with an auxiliary self-contained air supply. (1) None available from 3M. (2) 7800 Full Facepiece Pressure Demand Combination Airline/5-minute Escape SCBA (aka 5 Minute Escape System). Fire fighting Positive pressure full facepiece SCBA None available from 3M. Emergency escape (1) Any continuous flow or pressure demand SCBA. (1) None available from 3M. (2) Gas mask with organic vapour canister. (2) None available from 3M http://www.infoshop.org/octo/survival_kit.html Gas mask- only use current military or police designs. Don't try any old ones you may come across in markets or army surplus stores as many used asbestos in the filters! Mask/hood- offer limited protection. Also useful for disguise. Goggles- for eye protection. Neutralizer #1- Carry a bottle of solution made up from water with 5% Baking Soda. Neutralizer #2- Carry a bottle of solution made up from water and sodium metabisulphate (sold as Campden tablets used in home brewing). Superdeluxe Pregassing Antidote- Mix 8-10 eggs, 1 cup water and a teaspoon of baking soda in a bowl. Beat mixture well. Keep refrigerated in small plastic bottles until a demonstration. Wipe the stuff on your face before a gassing occurs. If you are asthmatic tell the people around you before the action starts, so that if when sprayed you have a bad reaction they'll be able to act appropriately by giving you your medication or getting a doctor. http://www.eco-action.org/dod/no7/129-135.html CS Gas How to combat the effects Brief history CS is an abbreviation for O-chlorobenzylidene malonontrite. The properties of this compound were first discovered by American chemists in 1928, and the potential chemical warfare uses were suggested by a Dutch writer in 1934. During World War Two scientists in various countries studied the effects of the compound but it wasn't seriously developed as a weapon until the mid 1950's. The first widespread use of it was during the Vietnam War and since then it has remained a weapon in the arsenal of armies and police forces the world over. The Effects of CS Gas The canisters that are carried by the police in the UK contain three ingredients: the active chemical (CS), a liquid solvent to dissolve and carry it, and an inert gas to act as a propellant for the spray. The active ingredient, CS, is one of a group of chemical compounds called lachrymators. These chemicals are tear producing agents, hence the euphemism 'tear gas'. Exposure to them causes severe eye irritation, a profuse flow of tears, skin irritation (especially on moist areas of the body) and irritation of the upper respiratory tract, causing sneezing, coughing and difficulty in breathing. Protection  The obvious thing is to wear a gas mask and they are available, although expensive. (The only ones worth using are current military or police designs-don't try any old ones you may come across in markets or army surplus stores as many used asbestos in the filters!)  A mask and hood offer limited protection and of course they are well worth wearing for disguise anyway. An improvement on the normal cloth mask is a special cycle mask as they contain activated charcoal which will filter out some of the CS.  Goggles are useful for eye protection and are easy to get hold of and carry.  Carry a bottle of solution made up from water and sodium metabisulphate (sold as Campden tablets used in home brewing) as this combination neutralises the effects of CS. If you cannot get this use clean water to rinse the eyes and skin affected.  If you are asthmatic tell the people around you before the action starts, so that if when sprayed you have a bad reaction they'll be able to act appropriately by giving you your medication or getting a doctor. What to do when sprayed  If you are in the line of spray move backwards out of range rather than sideways where the spray may still be able to reach you. If you are in a building move outside. Your eyesight may become blurred and it is easy to lose awareness of what is going on. Do not run blindly into the arms of the police, or worse still, into traffic. Act calmly and stay aware of your surroundings whilst moving to a safe area.  If possible stand upwind of where the spraying happened and expose the affected part of your body to the wind. This will help disperse the gas quickly.  Flush the affected area of the body with the solution mentioned earlier-or just water if this is not available. Do not touch it as you will spread the chemical around and rub it into your pores. It may be possible that you can rejoin the action right away, as small amounts should only affect you for a few minutes.  When possible have a cold / lukewarm shower (hot water opens the pores and allows particles in) as soon as possible. Showers flush the chemical away whilst a bath will just re-distribute it.  After the action you should hang your clothes up in a well ventilated area to disperse the last remnants of the gas. When they have hung for a day or so wash them twice-firstly in cold and then secondly in hot water-and they'll be okay to wear again. CS Gas is fat soluble so never coat your skin in petroleum jelly or similar substances for protection as some people have tried. When sprayed do not treat the area with any cream, jelly or ointment, unless advised to by someone who knows what they are talking about. The best treatments are air, cold water and time. END